http://www.biomedcentral.com/ The most accessed research articles published by BioMed Central 2012-02-07T00:00:00Z This is an RSS newsfeed from BioMed Central It is intended to be used with an RSS reader. For more information about RSS newsfeeds from BioMed Central, visit http://www.biomedcentral.com/info/about/rss/ A decade ago celiac disease was considered extremely rare outside Europe and, therefore, was almost completely ignored by health care professionals. In only 10 years, key milestones have moved celiac disease from obscurity into the popular spotlight worldwide. Now we are observing another interesting phenomenon that is generating great confusion among health care professionals. The number of individuals embracing a gluten free diet appears much higher than the projected number of celiac disease patients, fueling a global market of gluten free products approaching the $2.5 billion in global sales in 2010. This trend is supported by the notion that along with celiac disease, other conditions related to the ingestion of gluten have emerged as health care concerns. This review will summarize our current knowledge about the three main forms of gluten reactions, i.e. allergic (wheat allergy), autoimmune (celiac disease, dermatitis herpetiformis, and gluten ataxia), and possibly immune-mediated (gluten sensitivity), outlining pathogenic, clinical, and epidemiological differences and proposing new nomenclature and classifications. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7015/10/13 Anna Sapone Julio Bai Carolina Ciacci Jernej Dolinsek Peter Green Marios Hadjivassiliou Katri Kaukinen Kamran Rostami David Sander Michael Schumann Reiner Ullrich Danilo Villalta Umberto Volta Carlo Catassi Alessio Fasano BMC Medicine 2012, null:13 2012-02-07T00:00:00Z doi:10.1186/1741-7015-10-13 New classifications for GRDs . /content/figures/1741-7015-10-13-toc.gif BMC Medicine 1741-7015 ${item.volume} 13 2012-02-07T00:00:00Z PDF In recent years, the food and beverage industry in the US has viewed children and adolescents as a major market force. As a result, children and adolescents are now the target of intense and specialized food marketing and advertising efforts. Food marketers are interested in youth as consumers because of their spending power, their purchasing influence, and as future adult consumers. Multiple techniques and channels are used to reach youth, beginning when they are toddlers, to foster brand-building and influence food product purchase behavior. These food marketing channels include television advertising, in-school marketing, product placements, kids clubs, the Internet, toys and products with brand logos, and youth-targeted promotions, such as cross-selling and tie-ins. Foods marketed to children are predominantly high in sugar and fat, and as such are inconsistent with national dietary recommendations. The purpose of this article is to examine the food advertising and marketing channels used to target children and adolescents in the US, the impact of food advertising on eating behavior, and current regulation and policies. http://www.ijbnpa.org/content/1/1/3 Mary Story Simone French International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 2004, null:3 2004-02-10T00:00:00Z doi:10.1186/1479-5868-1-3 /content/figures/1479-5868-1-3-toc.gif International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity 1479-5868 ${item.volume} 3 2004-02-10T00:00:00Z XML Background: Inability to control autoimmunity is the primary barrier to developing a cure for type 1 diabetes (T1D). Evidence that human cord blood-derived multipotent stem cells (CB-SCs) can control autoimmune responses by altering regulatory T cells (Tregs) and human islet beta cell-specific T cell clones offers promise for a new approach to overcome the autoimmunity underlying T1D. Methods: We developed a procedure for Stem Cell Educator therapy in which a patient's blood is circulated through a closed-loop system that separate lymphocytes from the whole blood and briefly co-cultures them with adherent CB-SCs before returning them to the patient's circulation. In an open-label, phase1/phase 2 study, patients (n = 15) with T1D received one treatment with the Stem Cell Educator. Median age was 29 years (range, 15 to 41), and median diabetic history was 8 years (range, 1 to 21). Results: Stem Cell Educator therapy was well tolerated in all participants with minimal pain from two venipunctures and no adverse events. Stem Cell Educator therapy can markedly improve C-peptide levels, reduce the median glycated hemoglobin A1C (HbA1C) values, and decrease the median daily dose of insulin in patients with some residual beta cell function (n = 6) and patients with no residual pancreatic islet beta cell function (n = 6). Treatment also produced an increase in basal and glucose-stimulated C-peptide levels through 40 weeks. However, participants in the Control Group (n = 3) did not exhibit significant change at any follow-up. Individuals who received Stem Cell Educator therapy exhibited increased expression of costimulating molecules (specifically, CD28 and ICOS), increases in the number of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ Tregs, and restoration of Th1/Th2/Th3 cytokine balance. Conclusions: Stem Cell Educator therapy is safe, and in individuals with moderate or severe T1D, a single treatment produces lasting improvement in metabolic control. Initial results indicate Stem Cell Educator therapy reverses autoimmunity and promotes regeneration of islet beta cells. Successful immune modulation by CB-SCs and the resulting clinical improvement in patient status may have important implications for other autoimmune and inflammation-related diseases without the safety and ethical concerns associated with conventional stem cell-based approaches.Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01350219. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1741-7015/10/3 Yong Zhao Zhaoshun Jiang Tingbao Zhao Mingliang Ye Chengjin Hu Zhaohui Yin Heng Li Ye Zhang Yalin Diao Yunxiang Li Yingjian Chen Xiaoming Sun Mary Beth Fisk Randal Skidgel Mark Holterman Bellur Prabhakar Theodore Mazzone BMC Medicine 2012, null:3 2012-01-10T00:00:00Z doi:10.1186/1741-7015-10-3 Stem Cell Educator for diabetes The safe reversal of Type 1 diabetes is possible with Stem Cell Educator therapy which uses stem cells from cord blood to re-educate a diabetic's own T cells, restarts pancreatic function, and reduces the need for insulin. /content/figures/1741-7015-10-3-toc.gif BMC Medicine 1741-7015 ${item.volume} 3 2012-01-10T00:00:00Z PDF Background: A recent in vitro study indicates that IGOB131, a novel seed extract of the traditional West African food plant Irvingia gabonensis, favorably impacts adipogenesis through a variety of critical metabolic pathways including PPAR gamma, leptin, adiponectin, and glycerol-3 phosphate dehydrogenase. This study was therefore aimed at evaluating the effects of IGOB131, an extract of Irvingia gabonensis, on body weight and associated metabolic parameters in overweight human volunteers. Methods: The study participants comprised of 102 healthy, overweight and/or obese volunteers (defined as BMI > 25 kg/m2) randomly divided into two groups. The groups received on a daily basis, either 150 mg of IGOB131 or matching placebo in a double blinded fashion, 30–60 minutes before lunch and dinner. At baseline, 4, 8 and 10 weeks of the study, subjects were evaluated for changes in anthropometrics and metabolic parameters to include fasting lipids, blood glucose, C-reactive protein, adiponectin, and leptin. Results: Significant improvements in body weight, body fat, and waist circumference as well as plasma total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, blood glucose, C-reactive protein, adiponectin and leptin levels were observed in the IGOB131 group compared with the placebo group. Conclusion: Irvingia gabonensis administered 150 mg twice daily before meals to overweight and/or obese human volunteers favorably impacts body weight and a variety of parameters characteristic of the metabolic syndrome. This is the first double blind randomized placebo controlled clinical trial regarding the anti-obesity and lipid profile modulating effects of an Irvingia gabonensis extract. The positive clinical results, together with our previously published mechanisms of gene expression modulation related to key metabolic pathways in lipid metabolism, provide impetus for much larger clinical studies. Irvingia gabonensis extract may prove to be a useful tool in dealing with the emerging global epidemics of obesity, hyperlipidemia, insulin resistance, and their co-morbid conditions.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT00645775 http://www.lipidworld.com/content/8/1/7 Judith Ngondi Blanche Etoundi Christine Nyangono Carl Mbofung Julius Oben Lipids in Health and Disease 2009, null:7 2009-03-02T00:00:00Z doi:10.1186/1476-511X-8-7 /content/figures/1476-511X-8-7-toc.gif Lipids in Health and Disease 1476-511X ${item.volume} 7 2009-03-02T00:00:00Z XML There is a need to assess the contribution of mood disorder, especially anxiety and depression, in order to understand the experience of suffering in the setting of medical practice.Most physicians are aware of this aspect of the illness of their patients but many feel incompetent to provide the patient with reliable information. The Hospital Anxiety And Depression Scale, or HADS, was designed to provide a simple yet reliable tool for use in medical practice. The term 'hospital' in its title suggests that it is only valid in such a setting but many studies conducted throughout the world have confirmed that it is valid when used in community settings and primary care medical practice.It should be emphasised that self-assessment scales are only valid for screening purposes; definitive diagnosis must rest on the process of clinical examination. http://www.hqlo.com/content/1/1/29 Richard Snaith Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 2003, null:29 2003-08-01T00:00:00Z doi:10.1186/1477-7525-1-29 /content/figures/1477-7525-1-29-toc.gif Health and Quality of Life Outcomes 1477-7525 ${item.volume} 29 2003-08-01T00:00:00Z XML Childhood obesity has reached epidemic levels in developed countries. Twenty five percent of children in the US are overweight and 11% are obese. Overweight and obesity in childhood are known to have significant impact on both physical and psychological health. The mechanism of obesity development is not fully understood and it is believed to be a disorder with multiple causes. Environmental factors, lifestyle preferences, and cultural environment play pivotal roles in the rising prevalence of obesity worldwide. In general, overweight and obesity are assumed to be the results of an increase in caloric and fat intake. On the other hand, there are supporting evidence that excessive sugar intake by soft drink, increased portion size, and steady decline in physical activity have been playing major roles in the rising rates of obesity all around the world. Consequently, both over-consumption of calories and reduced physical activity are involved in childhood obesity.Almost all researchers agree that prevention could be the key strategy for controlling the current epidemic of obesity. Prevention may include primary prevention of overweight or obesity, secondary prevention or prevention of weight regains following weight loss, and avoidance of more weight increase in obese persons unable to lose weight. Until now, most approaches have focused on changing the behaviour of individuals in diet and exercise. It seems, however, that these strategies have had little impact on the growing increase of the obesity epidemic. While about 50% of the adults are overweight and obese in many countries, it is difficult to reduce excessive weight once it becomes established. Children should therefore be considered the priority population for intervention strategies. Prevention may be achieved through a variety of interventions targeting built environment, physical activity, and diet. Some of these potential strategies for intervention in children can be implemented by targeting preschool institutions, schools or after-school care services as natural setting for influencing the diet and physical activity. All in all, there is an urgent need to initiate prevention and treatment of obesity in children. http://www.nutritionj.com/content/4/1/24 Mahshid Dehghan Noori Akhtar-Danesh Anwar Merchant Nutrition Journal 2005, null:24 2005-09-02T00:00:00Z doi:10.1186/1475-2891-4-24 /content/figures/1475-2891-4-24-toc.gif Nutrition Journal 1475-2891 ${item.volume} 24 2005-09-02T00:00:00Z XML Dietary protein intake and specifically the quality of the protein in the diet has become an area of recent interest. This study determined the relationship between the amount of quality protein, carbohydrate, and dietary fat consumed and the amount of times the ~10 g essential amino acid (EAA) threshold was reached at a meal, with percent central abdominal fat (CAF). Quality protein was defined as the ratio of EAA to total dietary protein. Quality protein consumed in a 24-hour period and the amount of times reaching the EAA threshold per day was inversely related to percent CAF, but not for carbohydrate or dietary fat. In conclusion, moderate to strong correlations between variables indicate that quality and distribution of protein may play an important role in regulating CAF, which is a strong independent marker for disease and mortality. http://www.nutritionandmetabolism.com/content/9/1/5 Jeremy Loenneke Jacob Wilson Anssi Manninen Mandy Wray Jeremy Barnes Thomas Pujol Nutrition & Metabolism 2012, null:5 2012-01-27T00:00:00Z doi:10.1186/1743-7075-9-5 /content/figures/1743-7075-9-5-toc.gif Nutrition & Metabolism 1743-7075 ${item.volume} 5 2012-01-27T00:00:00Z XML Background: Differentiating amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) from normal cognition is difficult in clinical settings. Self-reported and informant-reported memory complaints occur often in both clinical groups, which then necessitates the use of a comprehensive neuropsychological examination to make a differential diagnosis. However, the ability to identify cognitive symptoms that are predictive of aMCI through informant-based information may provide some clinical utility in accurately identifying individuals who are at risk for developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods: The current study utilized a case-control design using data from an ongoing validation study of the Alzheimer's Questionnaire (AQ), an informant-based dementia assessment. Data from 51 cognitively normal (CN) individuals participating in a brain donation program and 47 aMCI individuals seen in a neurology practice at the same institute were analyzed to determine which AQ items differentiated aMCI from CN individuals. Results: Forward stepwise multiple logistic regression analysis which controlled for age and education showed that 4 AQ items were strong indicators of aMCI which included: repetition of statements and/or questions [OR 13.20 (3.02, 57.66)]; trouble knowing the day, date, month, year, and time [OR 17.97 (2.63, 122.77)]; difficulty managing finances [OR 11.60 (2.10, 63.99)]; and decreased sense of direction [OR 5.84 (1.09, 31.30)]. Conclusions: Overall, these data indicate that certain informant-reported cognitive symptoms may help clinicians differentiate individuals with aMCI from those with normal cognition. Items pertaining to repetition of statements, orientation, ability to manage finances, and visuospatial disorientation had high discriminatory power. http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2318/12/3 Michael Malek-Ahmadi Kathryn Davis Christine Belden Sandra Jacobson Marwan Sabbagh BMC Geriatrics 2012, null:3 2012-02-03T00:00:00Z doi:10.1186/1471-2318-12-3 Detecting those at risk of Alzheimers Specific questions in an informant-rated questionnaire designed to detect Alzheimers Disease are also able to discriminate between normal memory loss and amnesic mild cognitive impairment, allowing earlier identification of those at higher risk of developing Alzheimers Disease. /content/figures/1471-2318-12-3-toc.gif BMC Geriatrics 1471-2318 ${item.volume} 3 2012-02-03T00:00:00Z PDF Background: This paper addresses the health care system from a global perspective and the importance of human resources management (HRM) in improving overall patient health outcomes and delivery of health care services. Methods: We explored the published literature and collected data through secondary sources. Results: Various key success factors emerge that clearly affect health care practices and human resources management. This paper will reveal how human resources management is essential to any health care system and how it can improve health care models. Challenges in the health care systems in Canada, the United States of America and various developing countries are examined, with suggestions for ways to overcome these problems through the proper implementation of human resources management practices. Comparing and contrasting selected countries allowed a deeper understanding of the practical and crucial role of human resources management in health care. Conclusion: Proper management of human resources is critical in providing a high quality of health care. A refocus on human resources management in health care and more research are needed to develop new policies. Effective human resources management strategies are greatly needed to achieve better outcomes from and access to health care around the world. http://www.human-resources-health.com/content/4/1/20 Stefane Kabene Carole Orchard John Howard Mark Soriano Raymond Leduc Human Resources for Health 2006, null:20 2006-07-27T00:00:00Z doi:10.1186/1478-4491-4-20 /content/figures/1478-4491-4-20-toc.gif Human Resources for Health 1478-4491 ${item.volume} 20 2006-07-27T00:00:00Z XML Background: Energy drink consumption has continued to gain in popularity since the 1997 debut of Red Bull, the current leader in the energy drink market. Although energy drinks are targeted to young adult consumers, there has been little research regarding energy drink consumption patterns among college students in the United States. The purpose of this study was to determine energy drink consumption patterns among college students, prevalence and frequency of energy drink use for six situations, namely for insufficient sleep, to increase energy (in general), while studying, driving long periods of time, drinking with alcohol while partying, and to treat a hangover, and prevalence of adverse side effects and energy drink use dose effects among college energy drink users. Methods: Based on the responses from a 32 member college student focus group and a field test, a 19 item survey was used to assess energy drink consumption patterns of 496 randomly surveyed college students attending a state university in the Central Atlantic region of the United States. Results: Fifty one percent of participants (n = 253) reported consuming greater than one energy drink each month in an average month for the current semester (defined as energy drink user). The majority of users consumed energy drinks for insufficient sleep (67%), to increase energy (65%), and to drink with alcohol while partying (54%). The majority of users consumed one energy drink to treat most situations although using three or more was a common practice to drink with alcohol while partying (49%). Weekly jolt and crash episodes were experienced by 29% of users, 22% reported ever having headaches, and 19% heart palpitations from consuming energy drinks. There was a significant dose effect only for jolt and crash episodes. Conclusion: Using energy drinks is a popular practice among college students for a variety of situations. Although for the majority of situations assessed, users consumed one energy drink with a reported frequency of 1 – 4 days per month, many users consumed three or more when combining with alcohol while partying. Further, side effects from consuming energy drinks are fairly common, and a significant dose effect was found with jolt and crash episodes. Future research should identify if college students recognize the amounts of caffeine that are present in the wide variety of caffeine-containing products that they are consuming, the amounts of caffeine that they are consuming in various situations, and the physical side effects associated with caffeine consumption. http://www.nutritionj.com/content/6/1/35 Brenda Malinauskas Victor Aeby Reginald Overton Tracy Carpenter-Aeby Kimberly Barber-Heidal Nutrition Journal 2007, null:35 2007-10-31T00:00:00Z doi:10.1186/1475-2891-6-35 /content/figures/1475-2891-6-35-toc.gif Nutrition Journal 1475-2891 ${item.volume} 35 2007-10-31T00:00:00Z XML